Flash Briefings

SharePoint Zero-Day CVE-2026-58644 Exploited in Multi-CVE RCE Chain

A critical SharePoint deserialization zero-day (CVSS 9.8) was exploited in the wild before Microsoft's July 14 Patch Tuesday fixed it. CISA added it to the KEV catalog on July 16 alongside three companion CVEs forming an active RCE and persistence chain.

CISA AA26-194A: FSB Center 16 Exploiting Default SNMP Credentials to Exfiltrate Router Configs from Critical Infrastructure

A 19-agency joint advisory from 13 countries details how FSB Center 16 has been harvesting router configurations and credentials from critical infrastructure networks globally by exploiting default SNMP community strings and unpatched Cisco Smart Install deployments.

Fortinet FortiSandbox: Three OS Injection Flaws Under Active Exploitation, CISA Orders Patch by July 19

CISA added three critical OS command injection vulnerabilities in Fortinet FortiSandbox to the KEV catalog on July 16, 2026, citing active exploitation. Federal agencies face a July 19 patch deadline; enterprise defenders running FortiSandbox on-premises, cloud, or PaaS must act immediately.

Five Eyes Alert: Russian FSB Router Campaign Targets Critical Sectors Globally

CISA, NSA, FBI, and 15 international partners have issued a joint advisory warning that Russian FSB Center 16 actors are systematically exploiting poorly configured networking devices across energy, communications, healthcare, and financial services.

Oracle EBS Payments Component Hit with CVSS 9.8 Unauthenticated RCE — CISA Sets 72-Hour Federal Deadline

CVE-2026-46817 is a CVSS 9.8 unauthenticated remote code execution flaw in Oracle E-Business Suite's Payments File Transmission component. CISA added it to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue on July 15 with a federal patch deadline of July 18 — 72 hours from disclosure to mandatory remediation.

SonicWall SMA1000 Zero-Days Exploited in Tandem: CISA Sets July 17 Federal Deadline as Four Flaws Hit KEV

Two SonicWall SMA1000 zero-days — an unauthenticated SSRF (CVE-2026-15409, CVSS 10.0) chained with post-auth code injection (CVE-2026-15410, CVSS 7.2) — are confirmed exploited in the wild. CISA added both plus two Microsoft zero-days to the KEV catalogue on July 14 with a July 17 federal patch deadline.

FSB Center 16 Named in Poland Grid Attack as UK and EU Issue First Joint Cyber Sanctions

The UK and EU have formally attributed a December 2025 cyberattack on Poland's energy grid — which came close to causing a blackout for half a million people — to Russia's FSB Center 16, imposing a landmark coordinated sanctions package targeting Moscow's broader cyber ecosystem.

GigaWiper: Iran-Nexus Destructive Backdoor Combines Wiper, Fake Ransomware, and Spyware

Microsoft and Binary Defense have separately documented GigaWiper, a modular Go-based Windows backdoor attributed to an Iran-nexus group that has been targeting Israeli organisations since October 2025. The implant combines irreversible disk wiping, fake ransomware with no recoverable key, and live spyware capabilities in a single deployable payload.

SharePoint RCE CVE-2026-45659 Exploited Despite Microsoft's 'Less Likely' Rating

CISA added CVE-2026-45659 to its KEV catalog on July 1, overriding Microsoft's own 'Exploitation Less Likely' assessment. Any authenticated SharePoint user with Site Member permissions can achieve remote code execution across SharePoint Server 2016, 2019, and Subscription Edition.

Progress Orders ShareFile Storage Zone Controllers Offline Over Active Security Threat

Progress Software has directed all ShareFile Storage Zone Controller customers to take their on-premises file-transfer infrastructure offline following a credible external security threat. No patch exists; shutdown is the only available mitigation.

Three CVSS 10.0 Flaws Hit CISA KEV in 48 Hours: ColdFusion and Joomla Actively Exploited

Adobe ColdFusion and two Joomla-ecosystem components with CVSS 10.0 ratings were added to the CISA Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog between July 7 and 9, with a federal patch deadline of July 10. Langflow also added as the first AI agent platform in the catalog.

GhostLock: 15-Year Linux Kernel Flaw Opens Root and Container Escape

A 15-year-old Linux kernel use-after-free vulnerability tracked as CVE-2026-43499 allows any logged-in user to gain root access on unpatched systems. Public exploit code is available and the flaw enables container escape, making patching of cloud, server, and multi-tenant Linux infrastructure an immediate priority.

Januscape (CVE-2026-53359): 16-Year-Old KVM Flaw Allows VM Escape to Host

A critical use-after-free in the Linux KVM shadow MMU lets a guest VM with root privileges escape to the host, threatening multi-tenant cloud and virtualised enterprise environments. A public PoC has been released.

CVE-2026-46242 'Bad Epoll': Linux Kernel LPE Demands Patch Urgency Across Server Fleets

A race-condition use-after-free in the Linux kernel's epoll subsystem gives any unprivileged local user a reliable path to root. A working exploit exists, kernel versions 6.4 and later are affected, and many distributions have not yet shipped the backport.

Armored Likho Deploys BusySnake Stealer Against Government and Power Sector

Russia-linked threat actor Armored Likho has launched a credential theft campaign targeting government agencies and electric power infrastructure across Russia, Kazakhstan, and Brazil. The Python-based BusySnake infostealer extracts browser credentials, Telegram sessions, and crypto wallet keys while operating in-memory to evade disk-based detection.

MuddyWater Deploys Four New Malware Families in Operation Olalampo Targeting MENA Government and Energy

Group-IB tracked MuddyWater's Operation Olalampo campaign from January 2026, uncovering four previously undocumented malware families including CHAR — a Rust backdoor using Telegram for C2 with evidence of AI-assisted development. Targets span government, energy, and telecoms across the MENA region.

FBI and Google Dismantle NetNut: 2 Million-Device Botnet Used by Spy Groups and Ransomware Gangs

A coordinated FBI and Google-led operation has seized hundreds of domains tied to NetNut, a residential proxy network secretly built on 2 million compromised home devices. GTIG observed 316 distinct threat actor clusters using the network in a single June week — spanning state-sponsored espionage groups and ransomware operators.

SharePoint Server RCE Under Active Ransomware Exploitation: CISA Sets July 4 Federal Deadline

CVE-2026-45659, a CVSS 8.8 deserialization remote code execution flaw in on-premises SharePoint Server, is being actively exploited by Storm-2603 ransomware operators. CISA added it to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalogue on July 1 with a federal patch deadline of July 4.

CISA Flags Critical Unauthenticated RCE in StoneFly Storage Appliances

CISA's June 30 ICS advisory batch reveals CVSS 9.8 flaws in StoneFly Storage Concentrator including unauthenticated command injection granting remote root access via TCP port 9000, alongside hardcoded credentials and SQL injection.

SimpleHelp CVSS 10.0 Auth Bypass Exploited: Djinn Stealer Targets Cloud, AI, and Dev Credentials

Attackers are actively exploiting CVE-2026-48558, a perfect-CVSS authentication bypass in SimpleHelp RMM, to deploy a new cross-platform infostealer harvesting cloud platform credentials, AI API keys, developer tokens, and cryptocurrency wallets across Windows, macOS, and Linux.

CVE-2026-55200: Public PoC for Critical libssh2 Flaw Exposes Enterprise Infrastructure

A public proof-of-concept has been released for a CVSS 9.2 client-side flaw in libssh2 that enables zero-authentication remote code execution when connecting to a malicious or compromised SSH server. No official patched release exists yet.

PTC Windchill RCE Exploited: JSP Web Shells Hit Manufacturing PLM

Attackers are deploying persistent JSP web shells via CVE-2026-12569, a critical unauthenticated RCE flaw in PTC Windchill and FlexPLM affecting 1.5 million users across defence, aerospace, and automotive manufacturing.

Handala Breaches California Water Service via Third-Party Pivot, Mandiant Finds No OT Compromise

MOIS-affiliated Handala group accessed Cal Water billing systems via RTKBase pivot, exfiltrating 5GB of customer PII. Mandiant investigation found no OT access — but the claimed capability to disrupt water supply remains unverified propaganda.

CISA KEV: Lantronix EDS5000 and Ubiquiti UniFi Under Active Attack

CISA added four critical vulnerabilities to its Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on June 23, 2026, including a CVSS 9.8 code injection flaw in Lantronix EDS5000 serial device servers widely used in OT environments, and three maximum-severity flaws in Ubiquiti UniFi OS.

Mistic Backdoor: Memory-Resident IAB Tooling Supplies Six Ransomware Groups

A fileless, memory-resident backdoor named Mistic has been identified as the primary initial-access tool for KongTuke — an access broker selling corporate footholds to at least six active ransomware operations including Qilin, Akira, Rhysida, and Black Basta. Active since April 2026, delivered via ClickFix and FileFix social engineering lures.

World Leaks Publishes 630GB of Apple and Tesla Data From Tata Electronics Breach

Data extortion group World Leaks has published more than 630 gigabytes of files allegedly stolen from Tata Electronics, one of the largest manufacturers of iPhone components and assemblies, exposing apparent Apple product schematics, Tesla manufacturing documents, and tens of thousands of employee passport scans.

Squidbleed: 29-Year-Old Squid Proxy Bug Exposes Enterprise Credentials

Researchers disclosed a heap over-read in Squid proxy's FTP parser on June 23, 2026 that can silently leak cleartext HTTP requests, credentials, and session tokens from other users on the same proxy instance. The bug has existed since 1997.

Sapphire Sleet Compromises 144 Mastra AI npm Packages in 88-Minute Operation

North Korean state actor Sapphire Sleet hijacked a contributor account to the Mastra AI framework and injected credential-stealing malware into 144 npm packages in under 90 minutes, targeting LLM API keys, cryptocurrency wallets, and cloud credentials across the AI developer ecosystem.

DragonForce Hides C2 in Microsoft Teams: Backdoor.Turn Evades Detection for Two Months

DragonForce ransomware operators deployed a custom Go-based backdoor that tunnels command-and-control traffic through legitimate Microsoft Teams relay infrastructure, rendering traditional network monitoring ineffective.

Icarus Compromises Klue to Steal CRM Data from Salesforce Customers

A new extortion group called Icarus abused a legacy integration credential to steal OAuth tokens from Klue's integration infrastructure, enabling automated bulk extraction of Salesforce CRM data from dozens of enterprise customers — with Huntress among those confirming impact as of June 19, 2026.

FortiBleed: 73,932 FortiGate Credentials from CVE-2022-40684 Surface Four Years After Exploitation

A dataset of valid VPN credentials harvested from 73,932 FortiGate devices during CVE-2022-40684 exploitation was published on 17 June 2026. The four-year gap between collection and release illustrates a documented threat actor pattern — credential harvesting during a mass exploitation window, then monetising the dataset years later when many organisations have forgotten to rotate.

CVE-2026-20253: Splunk Enterprise RCE Added to CISA KEV — SOCs at Risk

CISA added CVE-2026-20253, an unauthenticated RCE in Splunk Enterprise's PostgreSQL sidecar service, to the Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog on June 18, 2026. Federal remediation deadline is June 21. Splunk deployments at SOCs, financial institutions, healthcare, and government are at elevated risk.

UNC6508: China-Linked Group Mined Medical and Military Research for Two Years

Google Threat Intelligence has disclosed a PRC-nexus espionage campaign that breached North American clinical, academic, and military health institutions via REDCap research servers, remaining undetected from September 2023 through November 2025.

Handala Claims Breach of California Water Service, Exposing Customer Data and GNSS Credentials

Iran-linked Handala group claims 5GB exfiltration from California Water Service including customer records and RTKBase GNSS platform credentials across seven districts. Investigation ongoing; no OT disruption confirmed but destructive escalation risk is real.

NCSC Warning: Citrix NetScaler ADC and Gateway Critical Vulnerabilities Under Active Exploitation

NCSC has issued an urgent advisory on two vulnerabilities in Citrix NetScaler ADC and Gateway — CVE-2026-3055 (CVSS 9.3, unauthenticated memory exfiltration) and CVE-2026-4368 — urging UK organisations to patch immediately. Both flaws affect versions widely deployed across enterprise, healthcare, and finance environments.

Velvet Ant's Operation Highland: China-Nexus APT Backdoored Linux Auth Stack for Nearly a Decade

Sygnia's disclosure of Operation Highland reveals a China-linked threat actor that modified PAM and OpenSSH components to maintain persistent, credential-harvesting access inside isolated networks from 2016 to at least 2026.

ShinyHunters Weaponised Oracle PeopleSoft Zero-Day Against 100+ Universities and Enterprises: CVE-2026-35273

ShinyHunters (UNC6240) exploited a CVSS 9.8 unauthenticated RCE in Oracle PeopleSoft as a zero-day for two weeks before any patch existed, breaching more than 100 organisations — 68% of them universities. CISA added CVE-2026-35273 to its KEV catalog on 12 June 2026.

Europol and FBI Dismantle AudiA6: The €336 Million Ransomware Laundering Pipeline

International law enforcement dismantled AudiA6, a cryptocurrency laundering service that processed €336 million in ransomware proceeds since 2021, arresting two administrators and seizing 25 domains and 30 servers in a coordinated operation on 10 June 2026.

Ivanti Sentry MDM Gateways Backdoored Within 48 Hours of Patch: CVSS 10.0 Pre-Auth RCE

A CVSS 10.0 pre-authentication OS command injection in Ivanti Sentry allows unauthenticated root-level code execution on MDM gateway appliances. Production instances were backdoored within 48 hours of the advisory. CISA has set a 14 June 2026 remediation deadline.

RoguePlanet: Seventh Zero-Day Dropped Hours After Patch Tuesday, Targets Microsoft Defender on Fully Patched Windows

The researcher behind the Nightmare-Eclipse exploit series has released a seventh zero-day — RoguePlanet — exploiting a race condition in Microsoft Defender to deliver SYSTEM privileges on fully patched Windows 10 and 11, hours after June Patch Tuesday closed the previous six.

CVE-2026-44963: Critical Veeam Backup RCE Gives Any Domain User a Path to Ransomware's Favourite Target

A CVSS 9.4 remote code execution flaw in Veeam Backup & Replication v12 lets any authenticated domain user execute arbitrary code on backup servers — recreating the low-barrier attack surface that ransomware groups have repeatedly weaponised in prior Veeam vulnerabilities.

Qilin Ransomware Affiliate Exploiting Authentication Bypasses Across Four VPN Platforms in Coordinated Campaign

A Qilin ransomware affiliate is systematically exploiting authentication bypass vulnerabilities across Check Point, Palo Alto Networks, Fortinet, and F5 VPN infrastructure simultaneously — with a month-long zero-day window on the Check Point flaw before any patch existed.

ShinyHunters Publishes 234 GB of DentaQuest Healthcare Data After Ransom Talks Fail

The ShinyHunters extortion group has published 234 GB of data stolen from DentaQuest, a dental benefits administrator serving 32 million Americans. The leaked dataset includes healthcare enrollment records, Medicaid IDs, and personal information for an estimated 2.6 million individuals.

Miasma Worm Hits 73 Microsoft GitHub Repositories, Including Core Azure SDKs

The Miasma supply chain worm -- a variant of the Mini Shai-Hulud campaign -- has compromised 73 repositories across Microsoft's GitHub organisations today, including Azure Functions, Durable Task, and several developer tooling packages. GitHub has disabled access to affected repos; credentials from the May compromise appear not to have been fully rotated.

CVE-2026-41089: Critical Windows Netlogon RCE Now Actively Exploited — Every Unpatched Domain Controller at Risk

Active exploitation of CVE-2026-41089, a pre-authentication zero-click RCE in Windows Netlogon, was confirmed by Belgium's Centre for Cybersecurity on 29 May. Successful exploitation gives an attacker SYSTEM-level control of the domain controller and full ownership of the Active Directory domain.

TA4922 Extends High-Tempo Campaign Operations to UK and Europe With Atlas RAT and Credential Stealer

Proofpoint has published intelligence on TA4922's geographic expansion into the UK, Germany, Italy, and South Africa — deploying two new malware families via tax-themed and HR-themed phishing. The group holds the highest campaign pace of any Proofpoint-tracked threat actor.

Screening Serpens Expands Arsenal With Six New RAT Variants in Aerospace, Defence, and Telecom Espionage Campaign

Palo Alto Networks Unit 42 has published new research detailing how Iran-nexus APT Screening Serpens deployed six previously undocumented RAT variants against US, Israeli, and UAE targets in aerospace, defence manufacturing, and telecommunications between February and April 2026.

Android Zero-Day Exploitation Confirmed: June 2026 Bulletin Signals Commercial Spyware Activity

Google's June 2026 Android Security Bulletin confirms active exploitation of CVE-2025-48595, a local privilege escalation requiring no user interaction. CISA's simultaneous KEV addition with a three-day federal deadline points to targeted commercial surveillance tool deployment against high-value individuals.

Operation Dragon Weave: China-Linked APT Abuses Azure Blob Storage as C2 to Target European Governments and Finance

Seqrite researchers have attributed a targeted espionage campaign against government, financial, and research organisations in the Czech Republic and Taiwan to a China-aligned threat actor using Azure Blob Storage as a covert C2 channel.

CVE-2026-0257: PAN-OS GlobalProtect Authentication Bypass Under Active Exploitation — CISA Deadline Today

A medium-severity authentication bypass in Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS GlobalProtect is being actively exploited across enterprise networks, with CISA's KEV remediation deadline falling on 1 June 2026.

FortiClient EMS Active Exploitation: Threat Actors Deploying EKZ Infostealer Via Fake Fortinet Patch

Fresh exploitation of CVE-2026-35616, a critical pre-authentication bypass in Fortinet's FortiClient Endpoint Management Server, is ongoing in May 2026. Threat actors are delivering the EKZ credential-stealing malware disguised as a legitimate Fortinet software update, prompting an NHS England Digital alert.

ShinyHunters Publishes Charter Communications Customer Data After Vishing Compromise

ShinyHunters extortion group has published data from Charter Communications after a vishing attack compromised a Microsoft Entra account and enabled access to Charter's Salesforce environment. At least 4.9 million customer records confirmed; the group claims 42 million.

Silent Ransom Group Goes Physical: FBI Flash Alert as Gang Walks Operatives Into Law Firm Offices

A Russia-linked extortion group has escalated from phishing and vishing to physically dispatching operatives into victim premises -- the FBI issued a FLASH alert on 26 May after confirming the tactic across more than 38 law firm victims.

TeamPCP's Mini Shai-Hulud: The Developer Supply Chain Worm That Hit GitHub, OpenAI, and Mistral -- Then Went Public

The Mini Shai-Hulud npm worm has expanded well beyond the initial TanStack compromise to breach GitHub's internal infrastructure, compromise devices at OpenAI and Mistral AI, and poison 600+ packages across 16 million weekly downloads -- before its authors open-sourced it on BreachForums.

Dutch Authorities Seize 800 Servers Tied to Russian Cyber-Attack Infrastructure

Dutch financial crime investigators arrested two suspects and seized 800 servers connected to Stark Industries, a hosting network linked to NoName057(16) DDoS campaigns against European governments and critical infrastructure.

Nightmare-Eclipse: Six Windows Zero-Days Released in Six Weeks, Three Now Weaponised in Live Attacks

A rogue researcher has published six working Windows exploit drops since April 2026. Three are confirmed active in attacks linked to Russian infrastructure, with more exploits -- including RCE -- threatened for June Patch Tuesday.

Nimbus Manticore Resurfaces with New Backdoor and Expanded European Targeting After Operation Epic Fury

Iranian IRGC-affiliated APT Nimbus Manticore has resumed aggressive campaigns against aviation, telecommunications, and critical infrastructure in Europe and the US, deploying an undocumented AI-assisted backdoor and adopting new delivery techniques since the outbreak of the US-Iran conflict.

CISA Confirms Active Exploitation: Apex One Endpoint Platform Turned Against Defenders, Langflow Linked to Iranian APT

CISA's May 21 KEV additions confirm active exploitation of Trend Micro Apex One's directory traversal flaw -- which allows attackers to push malicious code through the defender's own endpoint management -- alongside a Langflow AI workflow vulnerability tied to MuddyWater intrusions.

PHP Supply Chain Compromise: Laravel-Lang Packages Weaponised to Harvest Cloud Credentials Across Enterprise CI/CD Pipelines

An attacker who obtained push access to the Laravel-Lang GitHub organisation rewrote over 230 package versions in under 90 minutes on 22–23 May, injecting a sophisticated cloud credential stealer into one of PHP's most widely used localisation library sets.

Iranian APT MuddyWater Deploys Chaos Ransomware as False Flag to Mask Espionage

Rapid7 researchers have attributed a series of intrusions using Chaos ransomware branding to MuddyWater -- an Iranian state-sponsored group -- in a deliberate false flag operation designed to obscure intelligence collection behind the appearance of criminal extortion.

APT10 Renews MSP Targeting in UK and Europe -- Cloud Hopper Techniques Persist

China's APT10 has resumed systematic targeting of UK managed service providers and professional services firms, using the same supply chain pivot techniques that characterised the Cloud Hopper campaign -- now adapted for cloud-managed tenants.

APT28 Intensifies Targeting of European Government Networks Ahead of 2026 Election Cycle

Russia's GRU-linked APT28 has escalated spear-phishing and credential-harvesting operations against European government ministries, NATO-adjacent bodies, and political parties in the run-up to elections across the continent.

APT29 Exploiting Trusted Vendor Relationships to Reach UK and European Government Networks

Russia's SVR-linked APT29 is using compromised software vendor and IT service provider accounts to pivot into government targets -- a continuation of the SolarWinds playbook applied to UK and European supply chains.

Critical Unpatched RCE in Siemens RUGGEDCOM and ScadaBR -- No Fix Available for Either

CISA's May 19 ICS advisories flag unauthenticated root-level code execution in Siemens RUGGEDCOM APE1808 and ScadaBR SCADA software. Neither has a patch. The ScadaBR vendor has not responded to CISA.

Lazarus Group Extends Cryptocurrency Targeting to UK Exchanges and Law Firm Custodians

North Korea's Lazarus Group has extended its cryptocurrency theft operations to UK-regulated digital asset exchanges and the law firms that provide custody and compliance services to crypto clients -- combining financial theft with intelligence collection.

LockBit Resurgence: Affiliate Network Active Across UK Healthcare and Professional Services

Despite Operation Cronos and the February 2024 infrastructure seizure, LockBit-affiliated actors continue to operate under the LockBit 3.0 and successor infrastructure. UK healthcare and professional services organisations have been among the most recent confirmed victims.

NCSC Warns: Volt Typhoon Reconnaissance Extends to Tier 2 UK Government Suppliers

Intelligence confirms Volt Typhoon pre-positioning activity has moved beyond primary CNI operators into the Tier 2 supplier networks that service UK central government and defence. Smaller suppliers with privileged access to government systems are now directly in scope.

RansomHub Affiliates Targeting UK Law Firms During Active M&A Mandates

Multiple UK and European law firms have been hit by RansomHub-affiliated actors during live M&A transactions. The timing is deliberate: attackers maximise leverage by striking when client pressure to resolve the incident is highest.

Volt Typhoon Activity Confirmed Across UK Water and Energy OT Networks

NCSC and Five Eyes partners have confirmed Volt Typhoon intrusions at operational technology networks in UK water treatment and regional energy distribution. The group is not causing disruption -- it is waiting.

NHS Trusts Targeted in Coordinated Ransomware Wave as RaaS Affiliates Shift Focus

A cluster of ransomware affiliates, several previously linked to ALPHV/BlackCat, has targeted three NHS trusts in the past six weeks. Attackers are exploiting legacy VPN appliances and unpatched remote access infrastructure.

First Confirmed AI-Built Zero-Day: Google Thwarts Mass Exploitation Campaign

A threat actor used a large language model to write a working 2FA bypass exploit for a widely deployed open-source admin tool. Google's threat intelligence team detected the planned mass exploitation campaign before it launched. The code left distinctive LLM fingerprints.

FIN7 Pivots to Financial Services with New Phishing Infrastructure and Loader Malware

The FIN7 group has refreshed its phishing infrastructure and is deploying a new loader variant against mid-tier UK and European financial institutions. Targets include wealth managers, brokers, and payment processors.

Salt Typhoon Access Persists in European Telecoms More Than a Year After Initial Disclosure

Fourteen months after the US disclosed Salt Typhoon's compromise of major American carriers, intelligence assessments confirm the same group retains access inside at least two major European telecommunications networks.

Cl0p Exploiting File Transfer Vulnerabilities Across Transport and Logistics Sector

The Cl0p ransomware group is mass-exploiting a newly disclosed vulnerability in a widely used managed file transfer platform. Several European freight and logistics operators have been impacted, with customs and supply chain data exfiltrated.